The Funerary Landscape at Knossos. A Diachronic Study of Minoan Burial Customs with Special Reference to the Warrior Graves

Madelaine Miller

City: Oxford

Year: 2011

Publisher: Archaeopress

Series: BAR S2201

Description: Paperback, vii+118 pages, 49 figures, 63 tables, 29,7x21 cm

Abstract

During the last century’s archaeological investigations of the advanced Bronze Age culture maintained by the so-called Minoans on the island of Crete, a number of tombs dated to the Late Minoan period and containing weapons have been discovered in the surroundings of the site of Knossos. The tombs are not confined to a certain area or cemetery, but are rather dispersed around the Palace and town. Although they are characterised by their weapons, other artefacts – such as bronze vessels and certain pottery types – also distinguish these tombs. The tombs are of three types: chamber tombs with long dromoi, shaft graves and pit-caves. Various labels have been designated for them: tombs with weapons, warrior tombs, warrior graves and weapon-tombs. The warrior graves are often discussed in relation to the question of when the Mycenaeans arrived in Crete. Most scholars agree that a Mycenaean presence or power in Crete existed in the Late Bronze Age, but when their arrival would have taken place has not yet enjoyed consensus. Previous scholarship raises a number of questions that are dealt with in this work in relation to the funerary landscape at Knossos, including: to what degree do the burial customs in fact change in LM II, and what about the mainland influences? If the archaeological material points in that direction, how are we to understand such a transformation of the mortuary practices? Would this indicate an ethnic change? If, on the other hand, the material points towards a gradual process beginning already in LM I or earlier, with elements of mainland traits, what would that indicate? The tombs, shaft graves and pit-caves of Knossos are re-examined in an attempt to put answers to these intriguing questions.

Contents

Abstract [i]
Acknowledgements [ii]
List of figures [vi]

Chapter 1: Introduction [1]

History of research [1]
Reading mortuary remains [5]
Presenting the problem [6]
Methods and materials [7]

Chapter 2: The Tombs [11]

The chamber tombs [12]
The shaft graves [49]
The pit-caves [56]
The development of the tombs in the Knossos area [61]

Chapter 3: Wooden Biers and Coffins [66]

Biers and coffins at Knossos [67]
MM III-LM I [67]
LMII [68]
LMIIIA [68]
The comparative material [69]

Chapter 4: Weapons and Armour [71]

Swords [71]
Daggers [74]
Spears [75]
Arrowheads [77]
Armour [78]
Combinations of weapons and armour [78]

Chapter 5: Pottery [84]

The Ephyraean goblet and the kylix [85]
The squat alabastron [88]
The Palace Style vessels [92]
Combinations of vases [95]

Chapter 6: Bronze Vessels [97]

Tripod cauldrons [98]
Stew-pans [98]
Lekanai [99]
Lavers [100]
Plain pans [100]
One-handled basins [101]
Hydriae [101]
Beaked oinochoai [102]
Piriform oinochoai [102]
Squat oinochoai [102]
Shallow cups with one handle [103]
Kylix [103]
Plain handle-less cups [103]
Hemispherical bowls [103]
Lamps with skillet handles [104]
Lamps with vertical handles [104]
Ladles [105]
Scale pans [105]
Combinations of bronze vessels [105]

Chapter 7: Conclusions [110]

Incipient changes – reflections of political instability [110]
Transformation of power relations [111]
Power stabilisation [111]

Bibliography [113]